This led to the automatic transferring of one languages rules to another. It was first suggested by whorf 1941 as contrastive linguistics, a comparative study which emphasizes on linguistic differences. L1 and l2, pointing at the specific features of each language system in its major areas. Due to the need for a psychological component in the analysis, the notion of transfer is discussed. In this book, lado claimed that those elements which are similar to the learners native language will be simple for him, and those elements that are different will be difficult. Use the pedagogical implications of contrastive analysis in class. The claim that the best language teaching materials are based on a contrast of the two competing linguistic systems has long been a popular one in language teaching. A contrastive analysis of chinese and igbo interrogative sentences anajemba, ebele nwamaka confucius institute. At this time, behaviorism and structuralism structural linguistics were predominate in. Historically it has been used to establish language genealogies. Contrastive rhetoric is the study of how a persons first language and his or her culture influence writing in a second language or how a common language is used among different cultures.
Contrastive analysis is viewed as an interlinguistic, bidirectional phenomenon which is concerned with both the form and function of language. Be aware of some differences between arabic and english 4. What is contrastive analysis free download as powerpoint presentation. For example, this can be comparing english with latin or basque with iroquois. On the use of corpora in contrastive studies benjamins 2007. Contrastive analysis and error analysis in combination. Contrastive analysis in linguistics linguistics oxford. Other readers will always be interested in your opinion of the books youve read. The term was first coined by the american applied linguist robert kaplan in 1966 to denote eclecticism and subsequent growth of collective knowledge in certain languages.
Ca does not analyze the language acquisition process in all the ways. Contrastive analysis means the comparison of two languages by paying attention to differences and similarities between languages being compared. One of the earliest theories in this linguistic approach was contrastive analysis hypothesis lado 1957, which became especially influential in language teaching and learning. Contrastive analysis is concerned with the study of two languages aiming at discovering their structural similarities and differences. Cah this extension of the notion of ca attributed the ability to predict errors to a ca of two languages, a predictability that practitioners associated with the degree of similarity between the two systems.
The application of contrastive analysis in the classroom. It was soon pointed out that many errors predicted by contrastive analysis were inexplicably not observed in learners language. Teaching materials can make use of contrastive analysis and the difficulties between the two languages can. And even if the answer to that question is a more or less hesitant affirmative, then one may well question the value to teachers and curriculum workers. Ca is unable to account for the failures or the success of the learners. Acomparisonoftheenglishandtagalogsoundsystems 3between these two languages. Contrastive analysis ca is a method to distinguish between what are needed and not needed to learn by the target languagetl learner by evaluating languages m. The contrastive analysis hypothesis cah framework using the contrastive analysis ca as the assessment tool was used to point out the similarities and. Still a third hypothesis, and the one which is of special interest in this paper, is the contrastive analysis hypothesis, a hypothesis of particular this paper was presented at the tesol convention, march 1970. The criticism is that contrastive analysis hypothesis could not be sustained by empirical evidence. The purpose of this paper is to propose that the contrastive analysis hypothesis cah should be revised to incorporate a notion of degree of difficulty. Contrastive analysis is the study and comparison of two languages.
Contrastive analysis before discussing about the different hypothesis of contrastive analysis we should be familiar with the concept of difficulty and simplicity in language study, so we look at the hierarchy degrees of. Contrastive analysis and learner language 2 preface the present text has grown out of several years work on the englishnorwegian parallel corpus enpc, as presented in my recent monograph seeing through multilingual corpora. Contrastive analysis ca was a hypothesis pioneered in the late 1950s by robert lado and his book linguistics across cultures. Contrastive analysis of hypothesis also called ca is the comparison of the linguistic system of two or more languages and it is based on the main difficulties in learning a new language that caused by interference from the first language. He goes on to point out subsequent theorists criticism of the subjectivity of original cah observations and presents research finding no support for the predictions of the contrastive analyses so carefully worked out by linguists p. Contrastive analysis a presentation by lulud, nicko, and novian 2. Contrastive analysis hypotheses cah strong version the change that has to take place in the language behavior of a foreign language student can be equated to the differences between the structure of the students native language and culture and that of the target language and culture. Contrastive analysis is a method to distinguish between what are needed and not needed to learn by the second language learner by evaluating languages m. Contrastive grammar deals with the synchronic analysis of similarities and differences of two or more languages. What is contrastive analysis linguistics philology. It viewed learning as habit formation brought about. It built upon ideas set out in linguistic relativity, also known as the sapirwhorf hypothesis, which believed that language structures affect cognitive thinking. Wardhaugh, director of the english language institute of.
No uniformity is evident in contrastive analysis hypothesis. Contrastive analysis is the systematic study of a pair of languages with a view to identifying their structural differences and. Upshur university of michigan the idea of using contrastive analyses in writing foreign language tests has provided a working hypothesis for the actual construction of a number of instruments, and has given consider. Competition model comprehensible output connectionism dynamic systems theory generative secondlanguage acquisition input hypothesis interaction hypothesis interface hypothesis interface position noticing hypothesis processability theory order of acquisition skillbased theories. Basis for planning courses and designing materials contrastive analysis hypothesis cah points to consider 1. Contrastive analysis is the systematic study of a pair of languages with a view to identifying their structural differences and similarities.
In addition, ca is a technique to identify whether two languages have something in common, which assess both similarities and differences in languages. This is done by looking at the structural similarities and differences of the studied languages. As such, contrastive analysis must view language psycholinguistically and sociolinguistically as a system to be both described and acquired. Whether youve loved the book or not, if you give your honest and detailed thoughts then people will find new books that are right for them. Contrastive analysis became associated with behaviorist psychology, which was another separate influence on language teaching, particularly on audiolingual language teaching, and especially in the united states. Contrastive analysis, error analysis, interlanguage and. The interest in ea, however, declined after the growing enthusiasm for contrastive analysis henceforth ca which was considered a more reliable method than ea for predicting and explaining learning difficulties chau, 1975. The contrastive analysis hypothesis english language essay. The definition ca is sla approach that compares features of l1 and l2 in order to determine the similarities and differences of l1 to l2 3. Document resume the contrastive analysis hypothesis. Contrastive linguistics emerged as a major subfield of applied linguistics in the 1940s and consolidated quickly throughout the 1950s and 1960s. Contrastive analysis literature crosslinguistictransfer. It is a hypothesis founded by the pioneer of ca field, robert lado 1957 in his book linguistics across cultures to account for the second language acquisition in a systematic way by comparing the first language system and culture to the second language system and culture.
This notion corresponds to typological markedness which can be determined independently of any particular language and independently of the facts concerning second language acquisition. Contrastive analysis, error analysis, interlanguage 1. The theoretical foundations for what became known as the contrastive analysis hypothesis were formulated in robert lados linguistics across cultures 1957. The strong and weak forms are rejected in favor of a more moderate version which predicts the. Ca was developed to examine the differences between two languages in an effort to identify problem areas for language learners. Although contrastive analysis has often been questioned for its inadequacy to predict the transfer errors that learners will make in actual learning contexts it cannot be easily denied that such interference does exist and can explain difficulties brown, 1994, p. Guys there is the power point presentation of contrastive analysis, set 2. The implications of three versions of the contrastive analysis hypothesis cah are explored. Contrastive linguistics is the first book written by a linguist from mainland china on the histories and principles of comparing and contrasting chinese and western languages, specifically english. Almaloul 2014 supports the belief that contrastive analysis studies the similarities and differences. For example, we compare bahasa indonesia and english. It exists in strong and weak versions, the strong one arising from evidence from the availability of some kind of metatheory of contrastive analysis and the weak from evidence from language interference. Contrastive definition of contrastive by the free dictionary.
Be familiar with how mother tongue interfers in the second language outline introduction 1. Full text of contrastive analysis and error analysis a. Contrastive analysis assumes that the patterns and rules of l1 cause difficulties to l2 learning. His proposed revision, the markedness differential hypothesis mdh, is stated below. When it became clear that contrastive linguistics was not going to provide the foundation for a comprehensive theory of foreignlanguage learning, the field started showing signs of strain. In the remainder of this discussion, i will conduct a contrastive analysis in which i compare the languages respective consonant and vowel systems, as well as a brief exploration of some phonotactic constraints. A part of the difficulties can be attributed to the mother.